2015年职称英语考试：卫生类英语语法汇总精讲帖

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    宾语：又称受词，是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语(经常指被做的人)指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。

　　(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)

　　(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio.(listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)

　　(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see?(他看见了什么?) / What does he write a letter with?(他用什么写的信?) / With what does he write a letter?(他用什么写的信?)

　　(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away.(请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes.(请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away.(请把它们收起来。)

　　(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：

　　①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help.(他常常帮我。)

　　②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make,buy,borrow时,介词用for.如：Please make me a kite.(请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.

　　(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult.(我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

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表语：
　　(1)说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。)/ He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀?)
　　(2)表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem)之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
　　(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：It's I.(It's me.)是我。
　　(4)只能作表语的形容词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)/Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。)/ I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。)/I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)

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状语：
　　(1)说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如：I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。)/You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
　　(2)多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)
　　(3)状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。
　　(4)注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。

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宾语补足语：
　　1、 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。
　　如：Call him Jim, please. 请叫他Jim。
　　I tried my best to make him happy.我竭尽所能让他开心。
　　Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. 请他明天来。
　　He let the smaller animals bring food to him. 他让小动物们给他带食物来。
　　2、部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。
　　如：Let him in, I tell you! 我跟你说,让他进来!
　　Please put it away. 请把它收起来。

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特殊句型：
　　1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反义疑问句，用will you多表示“请求”，用won't you多表示提醒对方注意。例如：
　　let引导的祈使句有两种情况：①let's---，后的反义疑问句用shall we或shan't we。如：Let's go home, shan't we? 回家吧，好吗?②let us/me--- 后的反义疑问句用will you或won't you。如：let me have a try, won't you?
　　其他祈使句都用will you或won't you回答。
　　2.反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。①Your father is unhappy, isn't he? 不能用is he?②The man is dishonest, isn't he? 不能用is he?③It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isn't it?不能用is it ?
　　3.反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom，not,no,nobody,nothing, none, neither等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如：①She never tells a lie, does she? 不用doesn't she?②He was seldom late, was he?不用wasn't he?

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　 陈述句：
      1.陈述部分的主语为不定代词 somebody(someone),anybody(anyone),nobody(no one),everybody(everyone)，no,none,neither时，问句部分的主语用he或 they(通常用they)，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。如：①Someone has taken the seat,hasn't he?
　　②Everyone has done his best in the game,haven't they?
　　2.陈述部分为Let me……时，问句部分习惯上用shall I? 或will you?形式。如：Let me have a try,shall I?(will you?)
　　3.陈述部分为Let us……时，问句部分习惯上用will you?形式。如：Let us stop to rest,will you?
　　4.陈述部分为Let's……时，问句部分习惯上用shall we?形式。如：Let's go home together,shall we?
　　5.陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式表示请求，用won't you?形式表示委婉请求或邀请(即两种情况都可出现，不必遵循前否后肯或前肯后否的原则)。如：①Do sit down,won't you?/ will you? ②You feed the bird today,will you? ③Please open the window,will you?(won't you?)
　　6.陈述部分为否定祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式。如：Don't make any noise,will you?
　　7.陈述部分为There (Here) + be + 主语时，问句部分用be+there(here)?形式。如：①There are two cakes on the plate,aren't there?
　　Here is a story about Mark Twain,isn't here?

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反义疑问句：
     1.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am……时，问句部分虽然也可用“am not I”，但习惯上用aren't I?表示。如：I am a very honest man,aren't I?
　　2.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We)第一人称 think(believe,suppose,consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如：①I think that he has done his best,hasn't he?②We think that English is very useful,isn't it? (不用don't we?)
　　3.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) don't think(believe,suppose,consider)+ that从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如：①I don't think that you can do it,can you? (不用do I?)②We don't believe that the news is true,is it? (不用do we?)
　　4.反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe,suppose,consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：①They all think that English is very important,don't they? (不用isn't it?)②He didn't think that the news was true,did he? (不用wasn't/ was it?)
　　5.反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told,reported,asked……) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：①They said that you had finished your work,didn't they? (不用hadn't you)②Kate told you that she would go there,didn't she? (不用wouldn't she?)9.陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时，问句部分的主语用it。如：①Something is wrong with the computer,isn't it?
　　②Nothing has happened to them,has it?

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复合句：
　  1.陈述部分用had better +原形动词表示建议时，问句部分用hadn't +主语形式。
　　①You'd better tell him about the matter,hadn't you?
　　②We had better do it by ourselves,hadn't we?
　　2.陈述部分用used to +主语时，问句部分用didn't + 主语?或usedn't +主语形式。
　　①He used to live in the country,didn't he?/usedn't he?
　　②They used to be good friends,didn't they?/usedn't they?
　　3.陈述部分用must(may,might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式。如：
　　①He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday,didn't he?(不用mightn't he?/hasn't he?)
　　②You must have got up late this morning,didn't you?(不用mustn't you?/haven't you?)
　　4.陈述部分用must(may,might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。如：
　　①Everyone must have known the death of the waitress,haven't they? (不用mustn't they?)
　　②You must have worked there a year ago,didn't you?(不用mustn't you?/ haven't you?)
　　5.陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：
　　①What he said is true,isn't it? (不用didn't he?)
　　②Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet,has it? (不用won't we?)
　　6.陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如：
　　①To do one good deed is easy for a person,isn't it?
　　②Skating is your favorite sport,isn't it?
　　7.陈述部分的主语是不定代词one，反义疑问句的主语可以用one，也可以用you。如：One should be ready to help others,shuldn't one?